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PhantomCaptcha Campaign and CANFAIL Malware Attacks Targeting Ukraine Aid and Government Groups

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A coordinated spear-phishing campaign, dubbed PhantomCaptcha, targeted organizations involved in Ukraine's war relief efforts. The campaign delivered a remote access trojan (RAT) using a WebSocket for command-and-control (C2). The attack took place on October 8, 2025, and impersonated the Ukrainian President's Office, using weaponized PDFs and fake Zoom meetings to trick victims into executing malicious PowerShell commands. The malware performed reconnaissance and enabled remote command execution and data exfiltration. The campaign targeted members of the International Red Cross, Norwegian Refugee Council, UNICEF Ukraine, Council of Europe's Register of Damage for Ukraine, and Ukrainian regional government administrations. The malware was hosted on Russian-owned infrastructure and connected to a remote WebSocket server for C2 operations. The campaign took six months to prepare and involved a sophisticated multi-stage spear-phishing operation, with the weaponized PDF appearing as a legitimate governmental communique. The attack chain included a heavily obfuscated PowerShell downloader to bypass signature-based defenses and hinder analysis. The second-stage payload collected various user data, which was XOR-encrypted and sent to the C2 server. The final payload was a lightweight PowerShell backdoor that repeatedly reconnected to the remote WebSocket server. The campaign demonstrated extensive operational planning, compartmentalized infrastructure, and deliberate exposure control, with the infrastructure active only for a single day. A previously undocumented threat actor has been attributed to attacks targeting Ukrainian organizations with malware known as CANFAIL. Google Threat Intelligence Group (GTIG) described the hack group as possibly affiliated with Russian intelligence services. The threat actor is assessed to have targeted defense, military, government, and energy organizations within the Ukrainian regional and national governments. The group has also exhibited growing interest in aerospace organizations, manufacturing companies with military and drone ties, nuclear and chemical research organizations, and international organizations involved in conflict monitoring and humanitarian aid in Ukraine.

Timeline

  1. 13.02.2026 19:27 1 articles · 5h ago

    Threat Actor Linked to CANFAIL Malware Attacks on Ukrainian Orgs

    A previously undocumented threat actor has been attributed to attacks targeting Ukrainian organizations with malware known as CANFAIL. Google Threat Intelligence Group (GTIG) described the hack group as possibly affiliated with Russian intelligence services. The threat actor is assessed to have targeted defense, military, government, and energy organizations within the Ukrainian regional and national governments. The group has also exhibited growing interest in aerospace organizations, manufacturing companies with military and drone ties, nuclear and chemical research organizations, and international organizations involved in conflict monitoring and humanitarian aid in Ukraine. The threat actor is assessed to have overcome some technical limitations using LLMs [large language models]. The threat actor generates email address lists tailored to specific regions and industries based on their research. The attack chains seemingly contain LLM-generated lures and embed Google Drive links pointing to a RAR archive containing CANFAIL malware. CANFAIL is an obfuscated JavaScript malware that's designed to execute a PowerShell script that, in turn, downloads and executes a memory-only PowerShell dropper.

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  2. 22.10.2025 19:55 3 articles · 3mo ago

    PhantomCaptcha Campaign Targets Ukraine Aid Groups on October 8, 2025

    The campaign took six months to prepare and involved a sophisticated multi-stage spear-phishing operation. The weaponized PDF was an 8-page document appearing as a legitimate governmental communique. The fake Zoom site was hosted on a virtual private server (VPS) located in Finland and owned by Russian provider KVMKA. The attack chain included a heavily obfuscated PowerShell downloader to bypass signature-based defenses and hinder analysis. The second-stage payload collected various user data, including computer name, username, hardware identifiers, and domain information. The collected data was XOR-encrypted with a hardcoded key and sent to the C2 server via HTTP GET requests. The final payload was a lightweight PowerShell backdoor that repeatedly reconnected to the remote WebSocket server. The campaign demonstrated extensive operational planning, compartmentalized infrastructure, and deliberate exposure control, with the infrastructure active only for a single day. A previously undocumented threat actor has been attributed to attacks targeting Ukrainian organizations with malware known as CANFAIL. Google Threat Intelligence Group (GTIG) described the hack group as possibly affiliated with Russian intelligence services. The threat actor is assessed to have targeted defense, military, government, and energy organizations within the Ukrainian regional and national governments. The group has also exhibited growing interest in aerospace organizations, manufacturing companies with military and drone ties, nuclear and chemical research organizations, and international organizations involved in conflict monitoring and humanitarian aid in Ukraine.

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Russian Threat Actors Target Ukrainian and Polish Organizations with Data-Wiping Malware and LotL Tactics

Russian threat actors, specifically the Sandworm group, have targeted Ukrainian organizations and Poland's power sector using living-off-the-land (LotL) tactics and deploying data-wiping malware. The attacks, which began in June 2025, involved minimal malware to reduce detection and included the use of web shells and legitimate tools for reconnaissance and data theft. The threat actors exploited unpatched vulnerabilities to deploy web shells on public-facing servers, gaining initial access. They then used various tactics, including PowerShell commands, scheduled tasks, and legitimate software, to evade detection and perform reconnaissance. The attacks were characterized by the use of legitimate tools and minimal malware, demonstrating the actors' deep knowledge of Windows native tools. In addition to LotL tactics, Sandworm deployed multiple data-wiping malware families in June and September 2025, targeting Ukraine's education, government, and grain sectors. The grain sector, a vital economic sector, was targeted to disrupt Ukraine's war economy. The data-wiping malware used included ZeroLot and Sting, with initial access achieved by UAC-0099, who then transferred access to APT44 for wiper deployment. The activity is confirmed to be of Russian origin, with specific attribution to the Sandworm group. In December 2025, Sandworm targeted Poland's power sector with a new wiper malware called DynoWiper, aiming to disrupt the energy infrastructure. The attack, which occurred on December 29 and 30, 2025, targeted two combined heat and power (CHP) plants and a system managing renewable energy sources. The attack was unsuccessful in causing disruption, and Polish authorities attributed it to Russian services. The attack coincided with the tenth anniversary of Sandworm's 2015 attack on Ukraine's power grid. A new Russia-aligned threat activity cluster, InedibleOchotense, impersonated ESET in phishing attacks targeting Ukrainian entities starting in May 2025. This campaign involved sending spear-phishing emails and Signal text messages containing links to trojanized ESET installers, which delivered the Kalambur backdoor. InedibleOchotense is linked to the Sandworm (APT44) hacking group and has been observed conducting destructive campaigns in Ukraine, including the deployment of wiper malware ZEROLOT and Sting. Another Russia-aligned threat actor, RomCom, launched spear-phishing campaigns in mid-July 2025 exploiting a WinRAR vulnerability (CVE-2025-8088) targeting various sectors in Europe and Canada. RomCom also targeted a U.S.-based civil engineering company via a JavaScript loader dubbed SocGholish to deliver the Mythic Agent. The activity has been attributed with medium-to-high confidence to Unit 29155 of Russia's Main Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, also known as GRU. The targeted entity had worked for a city with close ties to Ukraine in the past. The ESET report noted that other Russian-aligned APT groups also maintained their focus on Ukraine and countries with strategic ties to Ukraine, while also expanding their operations to European entities. Gamaredon remained the most active APT group targeting Ukraine, with a noticeable increase in intensity and frequency of its operations during the reported period. Gamaredon selectively deployed one of Turla’s backdoors, indicating a rare instance of cooperation between Russia-aligned APT groups. Gamaredon’s toolset continued to evolve, incorporating new file stealers or tunneling services. The cyber attack on the Polish power grid in December 2025 was attributed with medium confidence to a Russian state-sponsored hacking group known as ELECTRUM. The attack targeted distributed energy resources (DERs) and affected communication and control systems at combined heat and power (CHP) facilities and systems managing renewable energy systems. ELECTRUM and KAMACITE share overlaps with the Sandworm cluster, with KAMACITE focusing on initial access and ELECTRUM conducting operations that bridge IT and OT environments. The attackers gained access to operational technology systems critical to grid operations and disabled key equipment beyond repair at the site. The attack was opportunistic and rushed, with the hackers attempting to inflict as much damage as possible by wiping Windows-based devices and resetting configurations. The majority of the equipment targeted was related to grid safety and stability monitoring. The coordinated attack on Poland's power grid in late December targeted multiple distributed energy resource (DER) sites across the country, including combined heat and power (CHP) facilities and wind and solar dispatch systems. Although the attacker compromised operational technology (OT) systems damaging "key equipment beyond repair," they failed to disrupt power, totaling 1.2 GW or 5% of Poland’s energy supply. Based on public reports, there are at least 12 confirmed affected sites. However, researchers at Dragos, a critical industrial infrastructure (OT) and control systems (ICS) security company say that the number is approximately 30. Dragos attributes the attack with moderate confidence to a Russian threat actor it tracks as Electrum, which, although it overlaps with Sandworm (APT44), the researchers underline that it is a distinct activity cluster. Electrum targeted exposed and vulnerable systems involved in dispatch and grid-facing communication, remote terminal units (RTUs), network edge devices, monitoring and control systems, and Windows-based machines at DER sites. Electrum successfully disabled communications equipment at multiple sites, resulting in a loss of remote monitoring and control, but power generation on the units continued without interruption. Certain OT/ICS devices were disabled, and their configurations were corrupted beyond recovery, while Windows systems at the sites were wiped. Even if the attacks had been successful in cutting the power, the relatively narrow targeting scope wouldn’t have been enough to cause a nationwide blackout in Poland. However, they could have caused significant destabilization of the system frequency. "Such frequency deviations have caused cascading failures in other electrical systems, including the 2025 Iberian grid collapse," the researchers say. CERT Polska revealed that coordinated cyber attacks targeted more than 30 wind and photovoltaic farms, a private company from the manufacturing sector, and a large combined heat and power plant (CHP) in Poland on December 29, 2025. The attacks were attributed to a threat cluster dubbed Static Tundra, which is linked to Russia's Federal Security Service's (FSB) Center 16 unit. The attacks had a purely destructive objective but did not affect the ongoing production of electricity or the heat supply to end users. The attackers gained access to the internal network of power substations associated with a renewable energy facility to carry out reconnaissance and disruptive activities, including damaging the firmware of controllers, deleting system files, or launching custom-built wiper malware codenamed DynoWiper. In the intrusion aimed at the CHP, the adversary engaged in long-term data theft dating back to March 2025, enabling them to escalate privileges and move laterally across the network. The attackers' attempts to detonate the wiper malware were unsuccessful. The targeting of the manufacturing sector company is believed to be opportunistic, with the threat actor gaining initial access via a vulnerable Fortinet perimeter device. At least four different versions of DynoWiper have been discovered to date. The wiper's functionality involves initializing a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) called Mersenne Twister, enumerating files and corrupting them using the PRNG, and deleting files. The malware does not have a persistence mechanism, a way to communicate with a command-and-control (C2) server, or execute shell commands, and it does not attempt to hide the activity from security programs. The attack targeting the manufacturing sector company involved the use of a PowerShell-based wiper dubbed LazyWiper that scripts overwrites files on the system with pseudorandom 32-byte sequences to render them unrecoverable. The malware used in the incident involving renewable energy farms was executed directly on the HMI machine. In the CHP plant and the manufacturing sector company, the malware was distributed within the Active Directory domain via a PowerShell script executed on a domain controller. The attacker used credentials obtained from the on-premises environment in attempts to gain access to cloud services, downloading selected data from services such as Exchange, Teams, and SharePoint. The attacker was particularly interested in files and email messages related to OT network modernization, SCADA systems, and technical work carried out within the organizations.

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Memento Labs linked to Chrome zero-day exploitation in Operation ForumTroll

Operation ForumTroll, discovered in March 2025, targeted Russian organizations and individuals using a zero-day vulnerability in Google Chrome (CVE-2025-2783). The campaign, also tracked as TaxOff/Team 46 by Positive Technologies and Prosperous Werewolf by BI.ZONE, delivered malware linked to the Italian spyware vendor Memento Labs. The attacks used phishing emails with malicious links to infect victims, targeting media outlets, universities, research centers, government organizations, financial institutions, and other organizations in Russia and Belarus. The malware, identified as LeetAgent and Dante, was used to steal data and maintain persistence on compromised systems. Memento Labs, formed after InTheCyber Group acquired Hacking Team, presented its Dante spyware at a conference in 2023. The malware was used in attacks dating back to at least 2022. The attacks involved sophisticated techniques to ensure only targeted victims were compromised. The zero-day vulnerability (CVE-2025-2783) was discovered and reported to Google by researchers at Kaspersky Lab earlier in 2025. The exploit bypassed Chrome's sandbox protections by exploiting a logic vulnerability in Chrome caused by an obscure quirk in the Windows OS. The exploit used pseudo handles to disable sandbox functionality, allowing unauthorized access to privileged processes. The exploit represents a new class of vulnerabilities that could affect other applications and Windows services. The group known as Mem3nt0 mori, also referred to as ForumTroll APT, is linked to Operation ForumTroll. The attacks began in March 2025 with highly personalized phishing emails inviting victims to the Primakov Readings forum. The flaw in Chrome stemmed from a logical oversight in Windows' handling of pseudo handles, allowing attackers to execute code in Chrome's browser process. Google patched the issue in version 134.0.6998.177/.178. Firefox developers found a related issue in their browser, addressed as CVE-2025-2857. Kaspersky's researchers concluded that Mem3nt0 mori leveraged Dante-based components in the ForumTroll campaign, marking the first observed use of this commercial spyware in the wild. The discovery underscores ongoing risks from state-aligned and commercial surveillance vendors. Kaspersky urged security researchers to examine other software and Windows services for similar pseudo-handle vulnerabilities. In a new wave of attacks detected in October 2025, the threat actor targeted individuals in Russia, specifically scholars in political science, international relations, and global economics, working at major Russian universities and research institutions. The latest attack wave used emails claiming to be from eLibrary, a Russian scientific electronic library, with messages sent from the address 'support@e-library[.]wiki'. The domain was registered in March 2025, six months before the start of the campaign, indicating preparations for the attack had been underway for some time. The emails contained links to a malicious site to download a plagiarism report, which, when clicked, downloaded a ZIP archive named with the victim's last name, first name, and patronymic. The links were designed for one-time use, displaying a Russian language message stating 'Download failed, please try again later' if accessed more than once. The archive contained a Windows shortcut (LNK) that, when executed, ran a PowerShell script to download and launch a PowerShell-based payload from a remote server. The payload contacted a URL to fetch a final-stage DLL and persist it using COM hijacking, also downloading and displaying a decoy PDF to the victim. The final payload was a command-and-control (C2) and red teaming framework known as Tuoni, enabling remote access to the victim's Windows device. ForumTroll has been targeting organizations and individuals in Russia and Belarus since at least 2022.

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WordPress Sites Exploited for ClickFix Phishing Attacks

WordPress sites are being exploited to inject malicious JavaScript that redirects users to phishing pages. The attacks use a theme-related file to load a dynamic payload from a remote server, which includes a JavaScript file and a hidden iframe mimicking legitimate Cloudflare assets. The domain involved is part of a traffic distribution system (TDS) known as Kongtuke. The campaign highlights the need for securing WordPress sites and keeping software up-to-date. Additionally, a new phishing kit named IUAM ClickFix Generator allows attackers to create customizable phishing pages mimicking browser verification challenges. This kit has been used to deploy information stealers like DeerStealer and Odyssey Stealer. The emergence of such tools lowers the barrier to entry for cybercriminals, enabling sophisticated, multi-platform attacks. A new ClickFix campaign employs cache smuggling to evade detection, using the browser's cache to store malicious data without downloading files or communicating with the internet. The attack masquerades as a Fortinet VPN Compliance Checker, executing an obfuscated payload via a PowerShell script.

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Phantom Taurus Targets Government and Telecommunications Organizations

Government and telecommunications organizations in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia have been targeted by a China-aligned nation-state actor known as Phantom Taurus over the past two-and-a-half years. The group focuses on espionage, targeting ministries of foreign affairs, embassies, geopolitical events, and military operations. Phantom Taurus employs custom-developed tools and techniques, including a bespoke malware suite named NET-STAR, to maintain long-term intelligence collection and obtain confidential data from targets of strategic interest to China. The group's activities coincide with major global events and regional security affairs, demonstrating stealth, persistence, and adaptability in their tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs). Phantom Taurus has been observed using a .NET malware suite named NET-STAR to breach IIS web servers, which operates almost entirely in memory and includes a fileless backdoor that establishes encrypted command-and-control (C2) sessions. The suite includes a backdoor named IIServerCore that accepts commands and encoded .NET payloads, enabling arbitrary code execution on compromised systems. The suite also includes two AssemblyExecuter loaders (v1 and v2) that allow dynamic loading of additional .NET malware, with v2 featuring advanced evasion techniques such as AMSI and ETW bypass. The group uses custom SQL queries to search for specific tables and keywords on compromised systems, exporting all matching results. Additionally, Phantom Taurus's operational methods are supported by other custom malware, including TunnelSpecter and SweetSpecter, which are used for email exfiltration.

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COLDRIVER APT Group Uses ClickFix Tactics to Deliver BAITSWITCH and SIMPLEFIX Malware

The COLDRIVER APT group, also known as Star Blizzard, has intensified its operations since May 2025, rapidly developing and refining its malware arsenal. The group has launched a new campaign using ClickFix tactics to deliver three new malware families: NOROBOT, YESROBOT, and MAYBEROBOT. These malware families are connected via a delivery chain and target individuals and organizations connected to Russia, including NGOs, human rights defenders, and think tanks. The attack chain involves tricking victims into running a malicious DLL via a fake CAPTCHA check, leading to the deployment of the SIMPLEFIX backdoor. The malware exfiltrates specific file types and establishes communication with a command-and-control server. The campaign aligns with COLDRIVER's known victimology, focusing on civil society members connected to Russia. The group has been active since 2019, using spear-phishing and custom tools like SPICA and LOSTKEYS. The latest campaign demonstrates the group's continued use of effective infection vectors, despite their lack of technical sophistication. The malware families NOROBOT and MAYBEROBOT are tracked by Zscaler ThreatLabz under the names BAITSWITCH and SIMPLEFIX, respectively. The COLDRIVER group has been deploying the new malware set more aggressively than any previous campaigns. The new malware set replaces the previous primary malware LOSTKEYS, which has not been observed since its public disclosure in May 2025. The attack starts with a 'ClickFix-style' phishing lure, a fake CAPTCHA page designed to trick the victim into thinking they must verify they’re 'not a robot'. The malware uses a split-key cryptography scheme, with parts of the decryption key hidden in downloaded files and the Windows Registry. The malware fetches a self-extracting Python 3.8 installer, two encrypted Python scripts, and a scheduled task to ensure persistence. The Python scripts are combined to decrypt and launch a minimal Python-based first-stage backdoor that communicates with a hardcoded command-and-control (C2) server. The COLDRIVER group abandoned YESROBOT after just two weeks due to its cumbersome and easily detectable nature. The COLDRIVER group switched to MAYBEROBOT, a more flexible PowerShell-based backdoor, around June 2025. MAYBEROBOT uses a custom C2 protocol with commands to download and execute files, run commands via cmd.exe, and execute PowerShell blocks. The COLDRIVER group has been constantly evolving the NOROBOT malware to evade detection systems. The group has been using the NOROBOT and MAYBEROBOT malware families on targets previously compromised through phishing to acquire additional intelligence value from information on their devices directly. The PhantomCaptcha campaign targeted Ukrainian regional government administration and organizations critical for the war relief effort, including the International Committee of the Red Cross, UNICEF, and various NGOs. The campaign began on October 8, 2025, and used a malicious "I am not a robot" CAPTCHA challenge to execute a PowerShell command, installing malware on victims' systems. The malware operated in three stages: a downloader script, a reconnaissance module, and a WebSocket-based RAT. The campaign's infrastructure was active for just one day, with backend servers remaining online to manage infected devices. The PhantomCaptcha campaign is linked to a wider operation involving malicious Android apps disguised as adult entertainment or cloud storage services. The latest incidents were reported in May and June 2025 by two organizations, including Reporters Without Borders (RSF). The group is known for impersonating trusted contacts and prompting targets to request missing or malfunctioning attachments. In one case involving RSF in March 2025, a ProtonMail address mimicking a legitimate contact sent a French-language email asking a core member to review a document. No file was attached. When the member requested it, the operators replied in English with a link routed through a compromised website to a ProtonDrive URL. However, the file itself could not be retrieved because ProtonMail had blocked the associated account. A second victim received a file labeled as a PDF that was actually a ZIP archive disguised with a .pdf extension. The final stage of the attack used a typical Calisto decoy PDF that claimed to be encrypted and instructed the user to open it in ProtonDrive. The link again sent the target through a redirector hosted on a compromised website. The phishing kit analyzed by TDR, located on account.simpleasip[.]org, appeared to be custom built. It targeted ProtonMail accounts using an Adversary-in-the-Middle (AiTM) setup that relays two-factor authentication (2FA). Analysts found injected JavaScript designed to keep the cursor locked to the password field and to interact with an attacker-controlled API for handling CAPTCHA and 2FA prompts. Star Blizzard's infrastructure included servers hosting phishing pages and others serving as API endpoints. Many domains were tied to Namecheap services, while some earlier ones were registered via Regway to help analysts track the cluster over time.

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